Vehicles

Vehicles that do not travel on land often are called craft, such as watercraft, sailcraft, aircraft, hovercraft, and spacecraft. A vehicle (from Latin: vehiculum) is a device that is designed or used to transport people or cargo. Most often vehicles are manufactured, such as bicycles, cars, motorcycles, trains, ships, boats, and aircraft.

Land vehicles are classified broadly by what is used to apply steering and drive forces against the ground:wheeled, tracked, railed, or skied. ISO 3833- 1977 is the standard, also internationally used in legislation, for road vehicles types, terms and definitions

History of vehicles

Automobiles are among the most commonly used engine-powered vehicles

• The oldest boats to be found by archaeological excavation are logboats from around 7,000–9,000 years ago,
• a 7,000 year-old seagoing boat made from reeds and tar has been found in Kuwait.
• Boats were used between 4000BCE-3000BCE in Sumer, ancient Egypt and in the Indian Ocean.
• There is evidence of camel pulled wheeled vehicles about 3000–4000 BCE.
• The earliest evidence of a wagonway, a predecessor of the railway, found so far was the 6 to 8.5 km (4 to 5 mi) longDiolkos wagonway, which transported boats across the Isthmus of Corinth in Greece since around 600 BC. Wheeled vehicles pulled by men and animals ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element, preventing the wagons from leaving the intended route.^[16]

• In 200 CE, Ma Jun built a south-pointing chariot, a vehicle with an early form of guidance system.

• Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a stained-glass window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau dating from around 1350.

• In 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang wrote a description of the Reisszug, a funicular railway at the Hohensalzburg Castle in Austria. The line originally used wooden rails and a hemp haulage rope, and was operated by human or animal power, through a treadwheel.

• 1769 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769, by adapting an existing horse-drawn vehicle, this claim is disputed by some^{[citation needed]}, who doubt Cugnot's three-wheeler ever ran or was stable.

• In Russia, in the 1780s, Ivan Kulibin developed a human-pedalled, three-wheeled carriage with modern features such as a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearings; however, it was not developed further.

• 1783 Montgolfier brothers first Balloon vehicle

• 1801 Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road locomotive, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle, although it was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods, and would have been of little practical use.

• 1817 push bikes draisines, or hobby horses were the first human means of transport to make use of the two-wheeler principle, the draisine (or Laufmaschine, "running machine"), invented by the German Baron Karl von Drais, is regarded as the forerunner of the modern bicycle (and motorcycle). It was introduced by Drais to the public in Mannheim in summer 1817.

• 1885 Otto Lilienthal began experimental gliding, and achieved the first sustained, controlled, reproducible flights.

• 1903 Wright brothers flew the first controlled, powered aircraft

• 1907 First helicopters Gyroplane no.1 (tethered) and Cornu helicopter (free flight)

• 1928 Opel RAK.1 rocket car

• 1929 Opel RAK.1 rocket glider

• 1961 Vostok vehicle carried first man (Yuri Gagarin) into space

• 1969 Apollo Program first manned vehicle lands on the moon

• 2010 The number of road vehicles in operation worldwide surpasses the 1 billion mark - roughly one for every seven people

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